How Predators Drive Ecology and Evolution in the Past, Today and in the Future.

Remove and then reintroduce wolves to Yellowstone and the ecosystem rewires itself each time; perturb lion numbers in the Serengeti and not a lot happens. Release guppies from predation in the streams of Trinidad and they repeatedly and rapidly evolve in their absence; do the same to Killifish and they do not appear much affected. Release passerines and pigeons from the mainland onto predator-free islands and they adhere to the island rule; other groups, such as reptiles, do follow this widespread biogeographical pattern. When, why and how does predation drive ecology and evolution? Can we generalize?