Alternative dispute resolution involves resolving conflicts with the assistance of a neutral third party, offering a flexible alternative to traditional court systems. While its formal use is expanding in state-organised courts, informal methods of dispute resolution have long been common in various settings, from market operators to criminal actors. In many situations, extra-legal arrangements based on trust become vital when formal legal routes are impractical or unavailable.

This symposium will examine diverse dispute resolution practices across different contexts, covering both formal legal structures and informal environments, including criminal organisations and market practices. Presentations will explore topics such as criminal dispute resolution, informal conflict settlement, and the role of dispute resolution in Japan.