This talk explores Russia’s use of “grey zone” strategies in Europe, forms of conflict that operate below the threshold of open war but have significant political and security consequences. It will examine how tools such as disinformation, cyber operations, economic coercion, political influence, and legal manipulation are deployed to destabilise states, exploit institutional weaknesses, and blur the line between peace and conflict. The discussion will also consider how European states and institutions have sought to identify, deter, and respond to hybrid threats, and what Russia’s grey-zone approach reveals about the evolving nature of warfare and the future of European security.