Groundwater irrigation is increasingly important in agricultural production, nearly tripling since records began in 1950. Increased reliance on groundwater and prolonged unsustainable pumping of aquifers has led to groundwater depletion in many areas. Yet, irrigation enables producers to buffer agricultural production and supply chains against weather risks, such as drought. This talk will examine the relationship between groundwater irrigation, agricultural production, and supply chains. Specifically, the role of groundwater irrigation in the food supply chains of the United States and China, two key countries in the global food trade, will be presented.